tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-49286007135410263432024-02-02T05:10:44.802-08:00Radiation Awareness and ProtectionSpeedyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03786667304354009458noreply@blogger.comBlogger21125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4928600713541026343.post-57885484332837594812013-04-03T05:06:00.005-07:002013-04-03T05:12:43.415-07:00FANR hosts Al Ain Public Forum<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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FANR hosts Al Ain Public Forum</span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 17px; text-align: justify;">The Federal Authority for Nuclear Regulation (FANR) hosted a public forum on 6 March 2013 </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 17px; text-align: justify;">at the Municipality Theater in Al Ain in the presence of media representatives in the UAE</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 17px; text-align: justify;">.<br /></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">As with other FANR forums, FANR hosted this forum with the aim of </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">introducing to the residents of Al Ain FANR’s</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 10pt !important;">role in ensuring the safe, secure and peaceful uses of the nuclear programme in the UAE</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">.<br /></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">FANR’s Director General, Dr William D. Travers, said:<br /><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #e69138; font-size: 10pt;"><b>“Public </b></span></i><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><b><span style="color: #e69138;">outreach is more than just presenting technical facts; it is about placing important information in a societal context and about engaging all stakeholders in a meaningful conversation. Openness and transparency are key components of FANR’s nuclear regulatory programme”.</span></b><br /></span></i><i><span style="color: grey; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">The forum was held by FANR’s officials representing </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">various</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;"> departments, and in cooperation with the Al Ain Municipality. The attendees were able to ask questions about FANR’s regulatory work, scholarships, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">employment</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10pt;">opportunities and its responsibility within the nuclear programme. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;">FANR plans to conduct another public forum in the city of Abu Dhabi during the month of April.<br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif !important; font-size: 10pt !important; line-height: 14px;">Read original article here. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; line-height: 14px;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.fanr.gov.ae/En/MediaCentre/News/Pages/FANR-hosts-Al-Ain-Public-Forum.aspx">http://www.fanr.gov.ae/En/MediaCentre/News/Pages/FANR-hosts-Al-Ain-Public-Forum.aspx</a></span></span></span></div>
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Speedyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03786667304354009458noreply@blogger.com27tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4928600713541026343.post-51825379768904671172013-04-03T04:59:00.003-07:002013-04-03T05:08:58.084-07:00FANR<br />
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About FANR</span></h1>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 16px;">The Federal Authority for Nuclear Regulation (FANR) is the independent government body charged with regulating and licensing nuclear activities in the UAE, which in addition to the nuclear power programme, includes radioactive material and radiation sources used in medicine, research, oil exploration and other industries.</span><br />
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The Authority determines all matters relating to the control and supervision of the nuclear sector in the UAE, in particular nuclear safety and security, radiation protection and safeguards. All obligations under the relevant international treaties, conventions or agreements entered into by the UAE are carried out by FANR.</div>
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The Authority is embarking on an effort to build an emirates workforce to oversee the nuclear sector in the UAE</div>
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-size: large;">FANR and industrial radiography</span></b></div>
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Companies operating in the UAE and involved in industrial radiography might have noticed over the past two years how the FANR has been interacting in a very efficient way to improve safety and security standards with regards to use and possession of regulated materials.</div>
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Most of the NDT (Non Destructive Testing) companies operating in the UAE do import and use the following type of radioactive materials.</div>
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Iridium 192- half life 73.8 days</div>
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Selenium 75 - 119.7 days</div>
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Cobalt 60 - 5.2 years</div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 16px;">Caesium 137 - Half life 30 years</span></span></div>
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While cobalt 60 is rarely used Iridium and Selenium account for most of the radioactive material import. In addition to this FANR closely monitors the import and movement of Depleted Uranium content (DU) which is a shielding material used in industrial radiography projectors like Techops 660, Delta 880 etc.</div>
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Some of the main divisions of FANR are</div>
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Radiation Protection</div>
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Safeguards</div>
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Security</div>
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All organisations involved in the use of regulated materials are required to abide by the various regulations set by the FANR (for Eg FANR regulation no 24, Regulation 13, Regulation 10) and regulatory guides associated with them. </div>
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It has now become a mandatory requirement for the companies who might have taken the security and safety factor for granted in the past. Penalties are enforced to companies violating the regulations. </div>
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FANR departments holds workshops at least once a year to educate and provide information to companies on the various programs and regulations.</div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 16px;">What is really noticeable is that FANR staff are very much approachable compared to the other bodies involved in the same functions in the past.There is a strong communication network through email, telephone and direct visits.</span></span></div>
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Speedyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03786667304354009458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4928600713541026343.post-14412897562910503682013-03-25T00:10:00.004-07:002013-04-03T05:11:10.298-07:00UAE First "Newcomer" In 27 Years To Start Nuclear Power Plant Construction<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<img alt="Barakah-Unit 1" src="http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/images/barakahunit1_330x220.jpg" style="line-height: 1.6667;" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The United Arab Emirates is the first country to start the construction of its first nuclear power plant in 27 years, since construction was started on China's first plant in 1985.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As of 30 August 2012, the Barakah-Unit 1 is reported in the IAEA Power Reactor Information System (PRIS) as "under construction".</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation (ENEC) poured the first nuclear safety-related concrete on 18 July 2012, after receiving a construction license from the Federal Authority of Nuclear Regulation (FANR). The first unit of the APR1400 technology supplied by a Korean consortium led by KEPCO is scheduled to be in operation in 2017 and three additional units are planned to be operational by 2020.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The UAE has started its nuclear power programme to meet increasing demand for electricity. The country has been cooperating closely with the IAEA since the beginning of its nuclear energy programme.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In early 2011, the IAEA carried out an Integrated Nuclear Infrastructure Review Mission (INIR) to review the status of the UAE's nuclear power programme development. The INIR mission team concluded that the programme has progressed well and has been implemented in line with the IAEA "Milestones" approach. The results of the UAE INIR mission are published on the IAEA website.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">An Integrated Regulatory Review Service Mission (IRRS) was conducted by the IAEA in December 2011, covering the UAE regulatory framework for all nuclear activities regulated by FANR. This mission also took into account the lessons learned so far from the accident at TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Other embarking countries have also benefitted from IAEA assistance and INIR missions, including Bangladesh, Belarus, Indonesia, Jordan, Thailand and Vietnam.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The UAE is the third country in 2012 to start construction on an NPP. The two other constructions started this year are the Baltiisk-1 Unit in the Russian Federation, and the Shin-Ulchin-1 Nuclear Power Plant in the Republic of Korea. Worldwide there are 64 nuclear power reactors currently under construction.</span></div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">INIR</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Integrated Nuclear Infrastructure Review (INIR) covers the comprehensive infrastructure required for building a nuclear power programme. Upon request from a Member State, the IAEA conducts INIR missions, including a team of international experts, who have direct experience in specialized nuclear infrastructure areas and specialized IAEA staff.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Building on a Member State's self-evaluation, the mission team reviews the infrastructure status through interviews, site visits and document reviews. Suggestions and recommendations are provided in a report to the Member State, enabling it to update its national action plan accordingly.</span></div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">IRRS</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The IRRS is designed to enhance the effectiveness of the regulatory infrastructure of States for nuclear, radiation, radioactive waste and transport safety and security of radioactive sources, by reviewing both regulatory technical and policy issues against IAEA Safety Standards and good practises in other countries.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">IRRS missions provide a balance between technical and policy discussions among senior regulators and the opportunity to share regulatory experiences, to harmonize regulatory approaches among countries and to create mutual learning opportunities among regulators.</span></div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">PRIS</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Power Reactor Information System (PRIS), developed and maintained by the IAEA for over four decades, is a comprehensive database focusing on nuclear power plants worldwide. PRIS contains information on power reactors in operation, under construction or those being decommissioned.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The database covers reactor specification data (status, location, operator, owner, suppliers, milestone dates), technical design characteristics, and performance data including energy production and energy loss data, outage and operational event information.</span></div>
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<em style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">-- By Rodolfo Quevenco, IAEA Division of Public Information; and Anne Starz and Elisabeth Dyck, IAEA Division of Nuclear Power</span></em></div>
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Speedyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03786667304354009458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4928600713541026343.post-69635767168595027642013-03-25T00:09:00.000-07:002013-04-03T04:41:39.703-07:00FANR’s New Radiation Safety Guide Open for Public Comment<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;">The Federal Authority for Nuclear Regulation (FANR) today released a new draft regulatory guide on </span><a href="http://www.fanr.gov.ae/En/AboutFANR/OurWork/Documents/RG019-for-public-review.pdf" style="color: #815724; outline: none medium !important; text-decoration: none;">Radiation Safety in Industrial Radiography (FANR-RG-019)</a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;">. FANR is inviting the public to review and comment on it.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;">The guide aims to help industrial radiography licensees who possess, use, manufacture, handle, store, transport or dispose of regulated material to understand and comply with the FANR's Regulation on Basic Safety Standards for Facilities and Activities Involving Ionising Radiation other than in Nuclear Facilities (FANR-REG-24). It is worth mentioning that the regulatory guide adopts the guide of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) on Radiation Safety in Industrial Radiography (SSG-11).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;">FANR recognises the importance of involving its stakeholders as part of its Core Value of transparency. The draft regulatory guide on </span><a href="http://www.fanr.gov.ae/En/AboutFANR/OurWork/Documents/RG019-for-public-review.pdf" style="color: #815724; outline: none medium !important; text-decoration: none;">Radiation Safety in Industrial Radiography (FANR-RG-019)</a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;"> can be found on the FANR's website</span><span style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;"><a href="http://www.fanr.gov.ae/" style="color: #815724; outline: none medium !important; text-decoration: none;"><span lang="EN-GB">www.fanr.gov.ae</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;"> and members of the public can send their comments to </span><span style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;"><a href="mailto:regulation@fanr.gov.ae" style="color: #815724; outline: none medium !important; text-decoration: none;"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="color: blue;">regulation@fanr.gov.ae</span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;"> during the next 30 days.</span></div>
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<a href="http://fanr.gov.ae/ar/media/get/20110328_safetyglossary.pdf" style="color: #815724; outline: none medium !important; text-decoration: none;">FANR's nuclear glossary</a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;">, which can be found on FANR's website, can help interested readers to understand the specific vocabulary used in this regulatory guide.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14px;">As with previous regulations and regulatory guides, this draft guide has already been made available for 30 days to local and federal government entities for their comments.</span></div>
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Speedyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03786667304354009458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4928600713541026343.post-33733142921817063162013-03-25T00:07:00.001-07:002013-04-03T05:09:41.111-07:00660 Series Type B Certificate Termination letter<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">660 Gamma Ray
Projector Type B(U) certificate is getting expired in June2013 and as
informed by Authority</span><br />
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Speedyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03786667304354009458noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4928600713541026343.post-37899529818049907802013-03-24T23:57:00.001-07:002013-04-03T05:10:08.370-07:00IAEA Director General Briefed on UAE Nuclear Power Plant Construction<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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IAEA Director General Yukiya Amano visited the UAE from 28-29 January 2013. The visit served as an important opportunity for the Director General to see first-hand the progress made in the construction of the UAE's first Nuclear Power Plant at Barakah. The Director General also discussed with the UAE authorities the advancement of their nuclear programme and on-going close cooperation with the IAEA.</div>
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During the visit the Director General met Foreign Minister Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed. They discussed the on-going strong cooperation between the Agency and the UAE on its nuclear power programme and other areas. The Director General provided an overview of the IAEA's activities in supporting the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, as well as nuclear non-proliferation and the situation in Iran.</div>
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During his visit to the construction site of the Barakah Nuclear Facility, the Director General discussed the development of the project with Ambassador Hamad Al Kaabi, the UAE's Permanent Representative to the IAEA, and Mohamed Al Hammadi, the Chief Executive Officer of the Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation (ENEC), as well as senior officials from ENEC and the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO), which is leading the construction consortium building the Power Plant. They also discussed the IAEA's work in strengthening nuclear safety.</div>
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Speedyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03786667304354009458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4928600713541026343.post-67631859406068848222008-10-15T07:02:00.000-07:002010-08-23T21:37:17.020-07:00Types of Devices<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;font-size:130%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Portable Devices</span></span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDNUkQ1dKqYaAa-YQYvoh41aHvbcZq0015rBdB5NOyrpjsSeNtRrl6s2-v6P843FgzRTNiF256x8aM1NAZ1BHOjn81ZnXp3Ba6iWMf7ozTk-wNEFxHMhoeN-ixgumcLcKQkAopYfqu9sQ/s1600-h/portabledevice.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDNUkQ1dKqYaAa-YQYvoh41aHvbcZq0015rBdB5NOyrpjsSeNtRrl6s2-v6P843FgzRTNiF256x8aM1NAZ1BHOjn81ZnXp3Ba6iWMf7ozTk-wNEFxHMhoeN-ixgumcLcKQkAopYfqu9sQ/s320/portabledevice.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5257383078129193794" border="0" /></a><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:130%;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">-</span>can be carried by one person; <><br /><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:130%;">-are the most common type used; </span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:130%;">-typically contain 192Ir in activities up to 3.7 TBq </span><br /></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;font-size:130%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Mobile Devices</span></span><br /></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaCG7yHtKzR9UTxbjTlqPI-C4hqdGtxubIchCV_FD8LZAb3iwM0_OQwyDB8FYO6xK4YIjHBDfDg5cVuXn77ufPCl3FIMk4LbRfIVj73Fc48oRSlGiEnKG88WRX3Z0YGQ9oBAJFKx6aJSo/s1600-h/mobile+device.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaCG7yHtKzR9UTxbjTlqPI-C4hqdGtxubIchCV_FD8LZAb3iwM0_OQwyDB8FYO6xK4YIjHBDfDg5cVuXn77ufPCl3FIMk4LbRfIVj73Fc48oRSlGiEnKG88WRX3Z0YGQ9oBAJFKx6aJSo/s320/mobile+device.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5257382695559887106" border="0" /></a><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;font-size:130%;" >-usually on a cart or trolley for ease of movement;</span><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;font-size:130%;" >-typically contain 60Co</span><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" ><br /><br />Fixed Devices</span><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw8UHWCAbcAW9MNUewz5-Pg58pIEE_kOEAWiZCaToXbWzxyEfOMkqDXNZdOPVylxDiB2ZODxZ0ZOM5vv0Y7-pwDCtjq6PL380PZaIy7uX9hIWB956AVeISw5LD1ssCfs46CnIRcHZf6v8/s1600-h/fixed+device.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw8UHWCAbcAW9MNUewz5-Pg58pIEE_kOEAWiZCaToXbWzxyEfOMkqDXNZdOPVylxDiB2ZODxZ0ZOM5vv0Y7-pwDCtjq6PL380PZaIy7uX9hIWB956AVeISw5LD1ssCfs46CnIRcHZf6v8/s320/fixed+device.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5257382174930139634" border="0" /></a><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:130%;">-used in one location;</span><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:130%;">-are heavy;</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:130%;">-may use 8.5 - 37 TBq 60Co</span><br /></div><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:130%;"><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Types of Operation</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Category I</span><br />the source is not removed from the exposure device and a shutter or other mechanism is used to expose the source.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Category II </span><br />the source is projected outside the shielded source container (via a wind out cable, pneumatic device, etc through a projection sheath to the exposure position.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Category X </span><br />special applications</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Category I Devices</span><br />-The source does not leave the device.<br />-It has a shutter mechanism.<br />-The source may be moved to the expose position by vacuum or air pressure.</span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgFreAOf_tNg1pSDWoIbDB0_ZpbD6vL25YH8nqpee0-GXSf-QZpN_8WHO4nlHsP5-LuGc4XO8CyBPRJB4bJUUpR39lKEfiTZ-wLWtjadhf7ViV6AFJm3vQlSCt5XqqKwdbeX7cyrzhrSY/s1600-h/cat1dev.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgFreAOf_tNg1pSDWoIbDB0_ZpbD6vL25YH8nqpee0-GXSf-QZpN_8WHO4nlHsP5-LuGc4XO8CyBPRJB4bJUUpR39lKEfiTZ-wLWtjadhf7ViV6AFJm3vQlSCt5XqqKwdbeX7cyrzhrSY/s320/cat1dev.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5257381605028204370" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Category II Devices</span><br />-The source is projected out of the source container.<br />-Remote controls are used.<br />-The source is unshielded during the exposure (but should be collimated when practicable).<br />-Manual or Automatic operation</span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeWxEAOF6-4Y2dul_xIEivwOAcf3bQ70JjCxEnFQL1ZgU0cS-SzrGMAd5epSDw2GRv9n85wjH7P5QywgDr6v1XS5-mWmBVDH8OEc-o3I9sjHuRaWjMuXMvDirR3T4DvOrjPv5blqOCoe8/s1600-h/cat2dev.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeWxEAOF6-4Y2dul_xIEivwOAcf3bQ70JjCxEnFQL1ZgU0cS-SzrGMAd5epSDw2GRv9n85wjH7P5QywgDr6v1XS5-mWmBVDH8OEc-o3I9sjHuRaWjMuXMvDirR3T4DvOrjPv5blqOCoe8/s320/cat2dev.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5257381352638332450" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br />Category X Devices</span><br />-Are used for special applications, ie gamma crawlers in pipelines.<br />-Their design and test requirements are dependent on the specific device application</span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs-0AsSBl9dzEqzVnJ_7dVWpIvexrviYoakZBAKwTNDPvRGASIjZZJ4wY6dytueEEhZX1e5y9b-AeeBQx2rVdDSrS1XaAXIojtvFt1SSiJi3CN1fwd1-nqOraIJzWcJE9kGqvCPs1Nn_w/s1600-h/catxdev.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs-0AsSBl9dzEqzVnJ_7dVWpIvexrviYoakZBAKwTNDPvRGASIjZZJ4wY6dytueEEhZX1e5y9b-AeeBQx2rVdDSrS1XaAXIojtvFt1SSiJi3CN1fwd1-nqOraIJzWcJE9kGqvCPs1Nn_w/s320/catxdev.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5257380924537614242" border="0" /></a>Speedyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03786667304354009458noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4928600713541026343.post-65468969797165016732008-10-15T06:39:00.001-07:002010-08-23T21:36:37.913-07:00Gamma Radiography - Principles of Use<span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" >Gamma radiography source containers :-<br /><br />- are shielded with depleted uranium or lead;<br />- contain the sealed radioactive sealed source in a holder;<br />- use ancillary equipment to control the source movement;<br />- exposes the radioactive source to produce the radiograph<span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><br />Gamma Radiography – Projector Type Equipment</span></span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTeiNQqaLyn8UxdjUWsjJJv-VwOychNmF7Yh8IYqayrosnnVWSHwFVRwBwW4ScumHDUBoDQZjqbj4xFtbEg-gI89N4egL53oIoHx3j07eQu4T9_jyKFN9THtEDWEuGOAGWGD6MUn6_12w/s1600-h/projector.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTeiNQqaLyn8UxdjUWsjJJv-VwOychNmF7Yh8IYqayrosnnVWSHwFVRwBwW4ScumHDUBoDQZjqbj4xFtbEg-gI89N4egL53oIoHx3j07eQu4T9_jyKFN9THtEDWEuGOAGWGD6MUn6_12w/s320/projector.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5257377265391178946" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" >Operational Sequence for Projector Type Equipment (1)</span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM5wTLR00m3jbQfjo_ncVf0SoZg5DrlAf6sT2FNj5AOikOuUOgcjSa2jtukSPTUq7gEo411WH2QtolZAuLnx8PnR2EaXnp30uXfzCC39k3IYeqqtJXK8mPBdSUOarnojIzSi0ToM0N2aE/s1600-h/projector+1.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM5wTLR00m3jbQfjo_ncVf0SoZg5DrlAf6sT2FNj5AOikOuUOgcjSa2jtukSPTUq7gEo411WH2QtolZAuLnx8PnR2EaXnp30uXfzCC39k3IYeqqtJXK8mPBdSUOarnojIzSi0ToM0N2aE/s320/projector+1.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5257377034528914114" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Operational Sequence for Projector Type Equipment (2)</span></span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizpivqWp8HINcXccJL8Npiw5Ps2QdatUygs-BwUvKiWtoSe6ucVpVejYvzZSnrUI1OPbn6SxERTgb8cCdz3YHaQMkzJ1v7uk48OcizJyHqqUts-0qFQA3hs0iina387WScxh1OvC9SIJ8/s1600-h/projector2.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizpivqWp8HINcXccJL8Npiw5Ps2QdatUygs-BwUvKiWtoSe6ucVpVejYvzZSnrUI1OPbn6SxERTgb8cCdz3YHaQMkzJ1v7uk48OcizJyHqqUts-0qFQA3hs0iina387WScxh1OvC9SIJ8/s320/projector2.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5257376820376506018" border="0" /></a><br /><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br />Operational Sequence for Projector Type Equipment (3)</span></span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL53TPlwgOsngphs3sc_1dCe4_lS-7hsO2pFBDNoDkxU1u_HH67FvGTdaubJsDYPQ-htCwifJfa0oD0YC4NNqhy_RhjHYqsyqUbWt4qDVhALQjDfJ_H4D_Y-iZcyCi5BBM9m8Mdsa6SdU/s1600-h/projector+3.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL53TPlwgOsngphs3sc_1dCe4_lS-7hsO2pFBDNoDkxU1u_HH67FvGTdaubJsDYPQ-htCwifJfa0oD0YC4NNqhy_RhjHYqsyqUbWt4qDVhALQjDfJ_H4D_Y-iZcyCi5BBM9m8Mdsa6SdU/s320/projector+3.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5257376584377470098" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" >Operational Sequence for Projector Type Equipment (4)</span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLh9DxLtOpViW90d-qHn6nio8PQx17x-uoa8nqdiGcsZx0Jj1pTgr8aHuiqhTmxccTfKyl6BIH4nJgSqSSkpPBAXEnbMolezb8IsEvf9a64DFt-Hbsh56bt69FXegXYrXpUbH37G3ftmw/s1600-h/projector+4.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLh9DxLtOpViW90d-qHn6nio8PQx17x-uoa8nqdiGcsZx0Jj1pTgr8aHuiqhTmxccTfKyl6BIH4nJgSqSSkpPBAXEnbMolezb8IsEvf9a64DFt-Hbsh56bt69FXegXYrXpUbH37G3ftmw/s320/projector+4.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5257374946756141762" border="0" /></a><br /><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Gamma Radiography Equipment Standards</span><br /><br />ISO 3999 for devices and some ancillary equipment<br />ISO 2919 for sealed sources<br />IAEA TS-R-1 for transport of radioactive packages</span>Speedyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03786667304354009458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4928600713541026343.post-63479937941739986732008-09-02T03:34:00.000-07:002010-08-23T21:37:54.392-07:00X ray for Medical Diagnostics<span style="font-family: arial;font-size:130%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Photons are part of the electromagnetic spectrum<br /><br />Ionizing Radiation</span><br /><br />Radioactivity is ONE source of ionising radiation<br />Deposits an amount of energy in matter which is sufficient to cause the breaking of chemical bonds<br />Wave and particle descriptions are both used and correct<br />One radiation particle often deposits energy at multiple sites - either directly or via the creation of other particles<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Ionization</span><br /><br />Ionization occurs when energetic ionizing radiation strips an electron from an electrically neutral atom. The positively charged atom and the negatively charged electron are called ions.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Ionization</span><br />enables radiation to be detected;<br />enables radiation to be shielded;<br />but can cause physical damage in the human body that leads to biological effects from radiation exposure if radiation safety measures are not consistently applied.</span><br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_cx4l5LCLmuOaJhsMZFh39-RRLc-GIkSbcLwPKS5vPcMKrcziyfYsIw6wlp_SJ4Z9pZxbccM098aLjaWcuwyIGmas6AuN3f1HXd3BqXXqMNW_uwL3ost77Mdbz3nkls68reOTcnzWt7U/s1600-h/ionz.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_cx4l5LCLmuOaJhsMZFh39-RRLc-GIkSbcLwPKS5vPcMKrcziyfYsIw6wlp_SJ4Z9pZxbccM098aLjaWcuwyIGmas6AuN3f1HXd3BqXXqMNW_uwL3ost77Mdbz3nkls68reOTcnzWt7U/s320/ionz.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5241377930354956834" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family:arial;"><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><br />Types of Radiation (1)</span><br /><br />X-rays and gamma rays = photons<br />electrons and beta particles - negative charge<br />neutrons<br />protons - positive charge<br />alpha particles and heavy charged particles<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Types of radioactivity</span><br /><br />Alpha particles (Helium nuclei) - “heavy”, dual positive charge, strongly interacting with matter<br />Beta particles/radiation (electron) - light particle, loosely interacting, still finite range<br />Gamma radiation (photons)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Radioactivity</span><br /><br />Radioactivity results from an atom with too many or too few neutrons in the nucleus.<br />Unstable atoms become stable by emitting energy as radiation<br />Different radioisotopes may emit different types of ionizing radiation.<br />X-ray equipment and linear accelerators generate radiation in a different way to radioactive substances but the radiation emitted by these devices is also ionizing radiation.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Radiation</span><br /><br />Unstable nuclides emit certain types of radiation.<br />Alpha Particle: a nucleus that is too heavy may emit two protons and two neutrons.<br />Beta Particle: a nucleus with too many neutrons converts one to a proton and ejects an electron. <br /><br />Gamma Radiation: (electromagnetic radiation) may accompany either alpha or beta particles from the nucleus.<br />Neutron radiation: a nucleus emits neutrons during fission; a light nucleus is hit by an alpha-particle and emits a neutron.<br /><br />Radiation - We live with<br />Natural Radiation: Cosmic rays, radiation within our body, in food we eat, water we drink, house we live in, lawn, building material etc.<br />Human Body: K-40, Ra-226, Ra-228<br />e.g. a man with 70 kg wt. <br />140 gm of K<br />140 x 0.012%=<br />0.0168 gm of K-40<br />0.1 mCi of K-4<br />»28,000 photons emitted/min<br />(T1/2 of K-40 = 1.3 billion yrs)<br /><br />K-40 Estimate for Lean Body Mass<br /><br />Body weight = Fat + lean body mass<br />K-40 directly related to lean body mass<br />Whole body counter used<br /><br />----------------------------------------<br />Earth: Top 1m of 0.1 acre garden<br />=1200 kg of K of which K-40 =1.28 Kg<br />= +3.6 Kg of Th + 1 Kg Ur<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">mGy/yr</span><br />New Delhi 700<br />Bangalore 825<br />Bombay 424<br />Kerala 4000<br />(in narrow coastal strip) <br /><br />X-Ray Tube for low and medium X-ray production</span></span><br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLS1wEu6tcccPfXiYElM3Hzi-J80itMIieFOZViRdlry2IrysP38ZdIYsC3lQjeXw41Ro59dEGSxTU5B7KDdaHWSLiIkyNH_TYyuHph__zi8ywgl_exk6sujRpIeXqQXU0JCg-TaM8Y_g/s1600-h/xraytube.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLS1wEu6tcccPfXiYElM3Hzi-J80itMIieFOZViRdlry2IrysP38ZdIYsC3lQjeXw41Ro59dEGSxTU5B7KDdaHWSLiIkyNH_TYyuHph__zi8ywgl_exk6sujRpIeXqQXU0JCg-TaM8Y_g/s320/xraytube.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5241377011015489570" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family:arial;">X- ray were not developed ; they were discovered quite by accident .<br />On November , 1895, Roentgen was working in his laboratory on his crooks tube enclosed with black photographic paper so that he could better visualize the effect of the cathode rays in the tube .<br /><br />A plate coated with barium platincocyanide , a florescent material , florescent regardless of its distance from the crooks tube .He called these light as x-ray. From that time x-ray were used for diagnostic and rapidly by investigation Coolidge tube then at 1928 Bucky grid which greatly increased contrast was developed . X-ray computed tomography (CT) were developed in the 1970 s.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Anode</span><br /><br />The anode is the positive side of x- ray tube . There are two types of anode : stationary and rotating . The anode service three functions in x-ray tube<br />1-it receives electrons emitted by cathod<br />2-the anode is electrical conductor<br />3-provides mechanical support to the target.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Stationary anode</span> : the anode consist of target from tungsten-alloy-metal embedded in the copper the tungsten used for the following reasons :-<br />1- its height atomic weight<br />2- height melting point<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Rotation anode</span><br />Higher tube current and short exposure time are possible with the rotation anode . The rotation –anode x-ray tube allows the electron beam to interact with a mach larger target area , and therefore the heating of a stationary –anode is not confined to one small spot as in a stationary – anode tube.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br />Cathode</span><br /><br />The cathode is the negative side of x-ray tube and has two primary parts : a filament and focusing cup . An x- ray filament emits electron when it is heated . This phenomenon is known as thermionic emission. Filaments are usually made of thoriated tungsten .most diagnostics x-ray tubes have small spot in use for high resolution image .<br /><br />The x-ray photon interact with inner electron, atom, and the field of nucleus<br />The photoelectronic effect is a photo absorption interaction . The electron remove from the atom, called a photoelectron , escapes with kinetic energy equal to the difference between the energy of the incident x-ray and the binding energy of the electron .<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Compton effect</span><br /><br />Moderate – energy x-ray , x-ray throughout the diagnostic range , can undergo an interaction with outer –shell electron that not only scatters the photon but reduce its energy and ionizes the atom as well . this interaction is called Compton effect<br /><br />All x- ray beam are effected by the inherent filtration which absorbed low energy x-ray to reduce the dose.<br /><br />A foils of Al were added to x-ray tube in order to absorbed low x-ray energy.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">X ray beam restructures</span><br /><br />Proper collimation of the x-ray beam has the primary effect of reducing patient dose by restricting the volume of tissue irradiated . The corresponding reduction in scatter radiation , and the fogging it produce , is a secondary benefit . Ideally , only those photons that did not interact with the patient would reach the film .<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Aperture diaphragm </span><br />An aperture diaphragm is the simplest of all beam-restricting device . It is basically a lead or lead-lined metal diaphragm attached to the x-ray tube head .<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Cones and cylinders </span><br />Radiograph cones and cylinder can be considered modification of the aperture diaphragm are widely used in x-ray diagnostics to reduce the patient dose ,it made of lead which absorbed scattered photon .<br /><br /><br />The X-ray beam scattered by patient body and reach the film by different angle forming fog on the film. In order to reduce the absorbed scattering Grid is inserted between the patient body and film .Which consist of slices of lead because of its height density and interspaced material .</span> <span style="font-family:arial;">The grid is designed to transmit those x-ray whose direction is on a strait line from the source to the film . </span></span><br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBWl2gHZrz6hgcX1jxqK5HIOKYpDPBFuluPYhC371q8Yfcwcuu_5dr698rbUPS4o7wO6tPo6FDH1QltOmAGfe2YKbLx132GwRUlwLYHVcDGnuMSFhecDrACw3lcLGp7kByVMdtaQhPJB4/s1600-h/grid.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBWl2gHZrz6hgcX1jxqK5HIOKYpDPBFuluPYhC371q8Yfcwcuu_5dr698rbUPS4o7wO6tPo6FDH1QltOmAGfe2YKbLx132GwRUlwLYHVcDGnuMSFhecDrACw3lcLGp7kByVMdtaQhPJB4/s320/grid.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5241372456072528930" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;" >X-ray generator (I)</span> <span style="font-family:arial;"> <br />It supplies the X-ray tube with :</span> <span style="font-family:arial;"> Current to heat the cathode filament </span> <span style="font-family:arial;"> Potential to accelerate electrons</span> <span style="font-family:arial;"> Automatic control of exposure (power application time)</span> <span style="font-family:arial;"> Energy supply » 1000 ´ X-ray beam energy (of which 99.9% is dissipated as thermal energy)</span> <span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;" ><br /><br />X-ray generator (II)</span> <span style="font-family:arial;"><br />Generator characteristics have a strong influence on the contrast and sharpness of the radiographic image</span> <span style="font-family:arial;">The motion unsharpness can be greatly reduced by a generator allowing an exposure time as short as achievable</span> <span style="font-family:arial;">Since the dose at the image plane can be expressed as: </span> <span style="font-family:arial;"><br /><br />D = k0 . Un . I . T<br /></span><span style="font-family:arial;">U: peak voltage (kV)</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">I: mean current (mA)</span> <span style="font-family:arial;"><br />T: exposure time (ms)</span> <span style="font-family:arial;"><br />n: ranging from about 1.5 to 3</span> <span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;" ><br /><br />X-ray generator (III)</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">Peak voltage value has an influence on the beam hardness</span> <span style="font-family:arial;"><br />It has to be related to medical question</span> <span style="font-family:arial;"><br /><br />What is the anatomical structure to investigate?</span> <span style="font-family:arial;"><br />What is the contrast level needed?</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">For a thorax examination : 140 - 150 kV is suitable to visualize the lung structure<br /></span> <span style="font-family:arial;">While only 65 kV is necessary to see bone structure </span> <span style="font-family:arial;"><br />The ripple “r” of a generator has to be as low as possible</span> <span style="font-family:arial;">r = [(U - Umin)/U] x 100%</span> <span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;" ><br /><br />Tube potential wave form (I)</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">Conventional generators</span> <span style="font-family:arial;">single f 1-pulse (dental and some mobile systems)</span> <span style="font-family:arial;">single f 2-pulse (double rectification)</span> <span style="font-family:arial;">three f 6-pulse</span> <span style="font-family:arial;">three f 12-pulse</span> <span style="font-family:arial;">Constant potential generators (CP)</span> <span style="font-family:arial;">HF generators (use of DC choppers to convert 50Hz mains into voltages with frequencies in the kHz range) --> “Inverter technology</span> <span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;" ><br /><br />Tube potential wave form (II)</span></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0y7vowbw3T9YspZbJCc2NmT3WC3HPtP1ufwUJzSisiOSpR_dWhedjP_RvmWZR7HEaOIxYDQSRDmoEYAfahthmw99UjKTrevk1zPboDHzTkaTB64CS-qN4s1vXqpsK074nH7Z4oYhDZOI/s1600-h/tpwform.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0y7vowbw3T9YspZbJCc2NmT3WC3HPtP1ufwUJzSisiOSpR_dWhedjP_RvmWZR7HEaOIxYDQSRDmoEYAfahthmw99UjKTrevk1zPboDHzTkaTB64CS-qN4s1vXqpsK074nH7Z4oYhDZOI/s320/tpwform.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5241371592235817090" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:130%;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />The choice of the number of pulses (I)<br />Single pulse : low power (<2 kW)<br />2-pulse : low and medium power<br />6-pulse : uses 3-phase mains, medium and high power (manual or automatic compensation for voltage drop)<br />12-pulse : uses two shifted 3-phase system, high power up to 150 kW<br />CP eliminates any changes of voltage or tube current<br />high voltage regulators can control the voltage AND switch on and off the exposure voltage can be switched on at any moment (temporal resolution)<br />kV ripple <2% thus providing low patient exposure<br />HF : combines the advantages of constant potential and conventional generator reproducibility and consistency of tube voltage<br />high frame rate possible <span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><br />Automatic exposure control </span><br /><br />Optimal choice of technical parameters in order to avoid repeated exposures (kV, mA)<br />Radiation detector behind (or in front of) the film cassette (with due correction)<br />Exposure is terminated when the required dose has been integrated<br />Compensation for kVp at a given thickness<br />Compensation for thickness at a given kVp</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4iN56b0C4pUhJkS0SPlJGN1L_YIZ3j9szs1ei4tGCpbxkjB2WjdpkwQnppsJcrYbbxPQoYWsYUJ6tivfVRK4MKekEmQ1o3Drosj7RLr6V7vQ2vJKa9ULU_W58Yscn0DxjtkjR99NGU9g/s1600-h/xray.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4iN56b0C4pUhJkS0SPlJGN1L_YIZ3j9szs1ei4tGCpbxkjB2WjdpkwQnppsJcrYbbxPQoYWsYUJ6tivfVRK4MKekEmQ1o3Drosj7RLr6V7vQ2vJKa9ULU_W58Yscn0DxjtkjR99NGU9g/s320/xray.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5241370950148513042" border="0" /></a>Speedyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03786667304354009458noreply@blogger.com24tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4928600713541026343.post-1371879660358281672008-08-27T06:14:00.000-07:002010-08-23T21:38:21.015-07:00RADIOLOGICAL POSTINGS<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg82OoVHMQjEIXTX_qXuvxspXJP8RQes791Hvt4cCCm94QR4o7EF0zW8diAERfck9TpC_061TqSnEkyh2zmBSjIxHrmiQOWhClS_dVxe3wsFZGdmULA1tPUpdrX_gW2BQZElNrgmNexGSo/s1600-h/PPOST.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg82OoVHMQjEIXTX_qXuvxspXJP8RQes791Hvt4cCCm94QR4o7EF0zW8diAERfck9TpC_061TqSnEkyh2zmBSjIxHrmiQOWhClS_dVxe3wsFZGdmULA1tPUpdrX_gW2BQZElNrgmNexGSo/s320/PPOST.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5239194341643447922" border="0" /></a><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family:arial;">Used to alert people to the presence of radiation and/or radioactive materials<br /><br />Inform workers of radiological conditions to aid in minimizing their exposure<br /><br />Provide radiological area entry requirements<br /><br />Help prevent the spread of contamination<br /><br />Note: In the case of a radiological accident, conditions may have changed from what are indicated on the postings.<br /><br />Radiological hazards and areas controlled for radiological protection purposes are labeled or posted with a magenta (or black), three-bladed radiological warning symbol (or “trefoil”) on a yellow background. </span></span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ7YvOgpZZVcVXGIYFPkHgFeHGrp_yFRKicN3nFR3JqM7-s_I-Y4H_2nz8RmCSPNwaibDXhIpDnYmrZD3JD_5GaVCGhL_CDypXdOKmaqnYs7MBuZwHQ3Nz2ZBgrRL26hyphenhyphenfiaCXv9Pk4hg/s1600-h/FENCE.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ7YvOgpZZVcVXGIYFPkHgFeHGrp_yFRKicN3nFR3JqM7-s_I-Y4H_2nz8RmCSPNwaibDXhIpDnYmrZD3JD_5GaVCGhL_CDypXdOKmaqnYs7MBuZwHQ3Nz2ZBgrRL26hyphenhyphenfiaCXv9Pk4hg/s320/FENCE.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5239193601087686258" border="0" /></a><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family:arial;">Additionally, yellow and magenta ropes, tapes, chains, or other barriers are used to mark the boundaries.<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><br />Radiological posting information includes:</span><br /><br />Radiological warning word, such as “Caution," to indicate the level of hazard<br /><br />Trefoil symbol<br /><br />Listing of all radiological hazards in the area<br /><br />Postings may also contain information on:<br /><br />Specific radiation dose rate or contamination level<br /><br />Entry requirements. Radiation Levels 10 mSv/hr General Area<br /><br />First responders do not have to obey radiological controls entry requirements during an emergency.<br /><br />However, in ALL cases you should be aware of the postings and the information provided.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">IAEA Postings</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Controlled Area</span><br /><br />Any area in which specific protective measures or safety provisions are, or could be required for: <br /><br />Controlling normal exposures or preventing the spread of contamination during normal working conditions.<br /><br />Preventing or limiting the extent of potential exposures.<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">Controlled Area</span><br />Required to delineate the area (rope)<br />Display approved signs at access points<br />Periodically review conditions to ensure adequate personnel protection and controls<br />Use administrative controls to control to restrict access<br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br />Supervised Areas</span><br /><br />Areas not designated as a Controlled Area but review for controls may be needed but protection of workers is not required<br /><br />Posted<br />Signs<br />Periodic review of conditions<span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><br />U.S. Radiological Postings</span><br /><br />Radiological areas may be one of three general types:<br /><br />CONTAMINATION<br />RADIATION<br />AIRBORNE CONTAMINATION<br /><br />When entering a Radiation or High Radiation Area, wear a TLD (or other personal monitoring device) if possible. A Radiation Protection Specialist with a dose rate meter should accompany you. Do not enter Very High Radiation Areas without specific approval!</span> </span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;">When entering a <span style="font-weight: bold;">Contamination</span> , </span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;">When entering an <span style="font-weight: bold;">Airborne Radioactivity</span> Area, </span><span style="font-family: arial;font-size:100%;" ><br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;font-size:100%;" >Area </span><span style="font-family: arial;font-size:100%;" >seal the openings of your </span><span style="font-family: arial;font-size:100%;" > seal the openings of your turnouts with tape <br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;font-size:100%;" >turnouts</span> <span style="font-family: arial;font-size:100%;" >or clothing with tape.</span><span style="font-family: arial;font-size:100%;" > and use a respirator, if available.</span><br /><span style="font-family: arial;font-size:130%;" > </span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimh_4_KhDKfZepY3jjes9RB6iWkQT0t3Tkq__dxueJYVyxM3m6h06tEe6PD2V2oW1fO-tO11xJS8vLk3hhdQ5pJu_dx66PNiIUNCsaSm5nJ0Dhfye0MuihH66BeV-DmgrCI4pQ2P8lO_g/s1600-h/CONTAMINATION+AREA.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimh_4_KhDKfZepY3jjes9RB6iWkQT0t3Tkq__dxueJYVyxM3m6h06tEe6PD2V2oW1fO-tO11xJS8vLk3hhdQ5pJu_dx66PNiIUNCsaSm5nJ0Dhfye0MuihH66BeV-DmgrCI4pQ2P8lO_g/s320/CONTAMINATION+AREA.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5239186956532711474" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKREjIa0f3LZdyrVku6mOgIsaDUw-JBMZyDcRo5uM3Ygl-q78HchEsGjS0uPNfCyHTMsTa3EUCMnqGqjoZgiiGncjb3ljVx78UPtFz30Hds75YDwKqsiZoQALL6hkGhaCaNE7wqMbnNVk/s1600-h/AIRBORNE.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKREjIa0f3LZdyrVku6mOgIsaDUw-JBMZyDcRo5uM3Ygl-q78HchEsGjS0uPNfCyHTMsTa3EUCMnqGqjoZgiiGncjb3ljVx78UPtFz30Hds75YDwKqsiZoQALL6hkGhaCaNE7wqMbnNVk/s320/AIRBORNE.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5239186256923577426" border="0" /></a><span style="font-family: arial;font-size:130%;" ><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></span>Speedyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03786667304354009458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4928600713541026343.post-58040277313870423602008-08-27T05:42:00.000-07:002010-08-23T21:38:49.733-07:00WHAT IF YOU BECOME CONTAMINATED<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVv1TVrZpe3GsO9u4D9V7VknUL_gNx2JKGBFsLdffQ3IsV4hgeZ4UFPRYJOsxzLZ-LvNWT1xJ8y2QHtkUk9jKOBTdmDb2kGLM54DlFlcTxOjrQmtDhfcCZEnu5iCa61jN3a8OVA-wqjh8/s1600-h/contamination.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVv1TVrZpe3GsO9u4D9V7VknUL_gNx2JKGBFsLdffQ3IsV4hgeZ4UFPRYJOsxzLZ-LvNWT1xJ8y2QHtkUk9jKOBTdmDb2kGLM54DlFlcTxOjrQmtDhfcCZEnu5iCa61jN3a8OVA-wqjh8/s320/contamination.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5239179641346243570" border="0" /></a><br /><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" >If a contamination monitoring instrument indicates that you might have contamination on your clothes or skin:<br /><br />Remain in the immediate area<br />Stay calm<br />Identify the location of contamination<br />Minimize cross-contamination<br />Move and touch as little as possible<br />Cover the contamination (e.g., glove)</span><br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirHhEASZuHxfgA5t5ROpvhmsQED6jxo76YGlFyZZmpWcuSYWCpMsWRfFPdyqAvGq5konoQ2JUscW-fyU1o2PX9BmnQw3e5XhOQi7KMimNDWAOK3Nqoga9I6SqaXRFeA0Ltv-nltGVA2gA/s1600-h/assist.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirHhEASZuHxfgA5t5ROpvhmsQED6jxo76YGlFyZZmpWcuSYWCpMsWRfFPdyqAvGq5konoQ2JUscW-fyU1o2PX9BmnQw3e5XhOQi7KMimNDWAOK3Nqoga9I6SqaXRFeA0Ltv-nltGVA2gA/s320/assist.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5239179167549139554" border="0" /></a><br /><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" >Obtain assistance from a Radiation Protection Specialist for removing contaminated clothing.<br /><br />Identify the location of contamination<br /><br />Treat all items used to remove the contamination as contaminated<br /><br />Inform a Radiation Protection Specialist of any additional items you may have cross-contaminated (e.g., car, radio)<br /><br />Radioactive contamination on skin and hair can be quickly and easily removed with mild soap and lukewarm water.<br /><br />Skin doses (if applicable) can be readily eliminated<br /><br />If radioactive material is taken into the body (through ingestion, inhalation, absorption, or injection), the emitted radiation bombards the body from the inside out and could pose a health hazard.<br /></span><br /><br /><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">Response to Contaminated Personnel</span><br /><br />When dealing with the public and others who may not be aware of the real hazards vs. perceived hazards associated with exposure to radiation or contamination, stay calm.<br /><br />The public will watch the way you react to the problem and act accordingly<br />Avoid using commonly used slang terms such as “crapped up” or “hot”</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUwi2Z3fx2l5InzOqAiCoBHC7siQpz3ZtMjn-0TQHoiNiRzYpQcBkfoEg9IFPLO2HoA7QAwcUtbj94d7byokkJHElDNFFdIaRf_2vx1w1cbgGu9GPiEJP8R39H2CiXKQG7qnOvLd7B0vQ/s1600-h/condition.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUwi2Z3fx2l5InzOqAiCoBHC7siQpz3ZtMjn-0TQHoiNiRzYpQcBkfoEg9IFPLO2HoA7QAwcUtbj94d7byokkJHElDNFFdIaRf_2vx1w1cbgGu9GPiEJP8R39H2CiXKQG7qnOvLd7B0vQ/s320/condition.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5239178362028443522" border="0" /></a><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" >Once it is determined some one is contaminated, the actions taken will be controlled by three basic radiological control factors:<br /><br />Physical condition of the worker<br /><br />Location of the contamination on the worker<br /><br />Activity of the radionuclides(s) present<br /><br />Primary consideration should be given to the physical condition of the person.<br />The major concern should be whether or not the individual has a serious injury<br />When a person sustains a serious injury, the primary concern is the first aid or assistance to their needs</span><br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh22goHgRI07nO9MmLJsu7SKqwFqo699vnXnMnY29B46AAp7KFaNWBiK90HLYZmvuUv0vXhP7K2TVnuB4ia3Y3w7a-LvpCmT_YBxHEzZw5_s_56Ek3oiaCYyjPpXr_wpqzZLdJom8PC2Yo/s1600-h/bed.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh22goHgRI07nO9MmLJsu7SKqwFqo699vnXnMnY29B46AAp7KFaNWBiK90HLYZmvuUv0vXhP7K2TVnuB4ia3Y3w7a-LvpCmT_YBxHEzZw5_s_56Ek3oiaCYyjPpXr_wpqzZLdJom8PC2Yo/s320/bed.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5239177525241458610" border="0" /></a><br /><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" ><span>Determine the location and extent of the contamination.<br /><br />Pay particular attention to:<br /><br />Is contamination localized on general skin surface?<br />Is contamination located on or near a body orifice?<br /><br />Is contamination located near a break in the skin?<br /><br />Is there a wound present in the vicinity of the contamination?<br /><br /></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">Moving Contaminated Individuals</span></span><br /><br />If the contaminated individual must be moved to another location (e.g., hospital, decontamination facility), contain the contamination as much as possible before allowing the person to move:<br /><br />Remove and bag shoes and/or cover feet with plastic shoe covers/booties<br /><br />Cover contaminated hands with gloves, (e.g., “surgical” gloves)<br /><br />Don a clean set of protective clothing over contaminated clothes, or wrap the individual with any covering</span>Speedyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03786667304354009458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4928600713541026343.post-43802146770812583802008-08-27T03:32:00.000-07:002010-08-23T21:39:09.328-07:00CONTAMINATION CONTROL<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJs8zA4nQYgyV5w6QanpehXLRzovLqREdPbuPvtIH2MCZjqQHNaVUl3uOQQUVglxgByuYh_7TrBFqPihJ2oO0Ht3yjX1T7jqrpCF-B0CtqgY8wn9BT-KEWOJRt779PAtaTbNp10uVbhcU/s1600-h/contorl.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJs8zA4nQYgyV5w6QanpehXLRzovLqREdPbuPvtIH2MCZjqQHNaVUl3uOQQUVglxgByuYh_7TrBFqPihJ2oO0Ht3yjX1T7jqrpCF-B0CtqgY8wn9BT-KEWOJRt779PAtaTbNp10uVbhcU/s320/contorl.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5239154460195441122" border="0" /></a><br /><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" >Contamination can be measured at levels far below those that are hazardous.<br /><br />For first responders with protective clothing and respiratory protection, external radiation is normally by far the greater hazard.<br /><br />When leaving the scene of the emergency you leave the radiation behind, but you can take contamination with you. Check for contamination before you leave the area.</span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br />Contamination Control Methods</span></span><br /></div><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo3KlxXLGMjFee63sPywOgRDY1u_qZBDik9GlFMVteeKwE8Y1gSO593KRFmQZWXyg8hLbpsMMXwyC6LCOFgcDGKkLoi8COqYj7NxRPP1SDfQ37DL1OfUOLwewCmtfN1tcYhFMkHbfOzvU/s1600-h/survey.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo3KlxXLGMjFee63sPywOgRDY1u_qZBDik9GlFMVteeKwE8Y1gSO593KRFmQZWXyg8hLbpsMMXwyC6LCOFgcDGKkLoi8COqYj7NxRPP1SDfQ37DL1OfUOLwewCmtfN1tcYhFMkHbfOzvU/s320/survey.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5239153992816688642" border="0" /></a><br /><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" >When a person or item leaves an area with a potential for contamination, strict procedures should be put into place to control the contamination and prevent its spread.<br /><br />These include:<br /><br /><span style="font-style: italic;">A survey of personnel for contamination</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">A survey of equipment for contamination</span><br /><br />While emergency actions take priority, remember that cleaning up after an emergency includes contamination surveys.<br /><br />During an emergency you do not worry about getting the equipment dirty.<br /><br />After the emergency you must clean the equipment.<br /><br />In the case of an emergency involving radioactive materials, all equipment must also be surveyed for contamination prior to being removed from the area.<br /></span><br /><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Protective Clothing</span><br /><br />Protective clothing (e.g., “Anti-Cs”) keeps contamination off your skin and personal clothing.<br />You could use standard coveralls, but fire department turnouts are as good (or better) and serve the same purpose.<br /><br />When working in contaminated areas, you should use masking tape (or similar) to seal the openings of your protective clothing and prevent contamination from getting through any openings.Button top shirt buttons and roll down shirt sleeves if no other protective clothing is available. </span><br /><br /><br /><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" ><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiChgPFFaRaATBklFjqE4gDCrjg5p59-KiQ8hRJ2utBPPyf05cZg5_e313gLU9Bw8h9atpifzR9desApGLVUyOyTSyEkUJdQPH9QhfWKm77Z4VTCeii7SRb217hfQ_ggtusN9aVXrcQGgk/s1600-h/white.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiChgPFFaRaATBklFjqE4gDCrjg5p59-KiQ8hRJ2utBPPyf05cZg5_e313gLU9Bw8h9atpifzR9desApGLVUyOyTSyEkUJdQPH9QhfWKm77Z4VTCeii7SRb217hfQ_ggtusN9aVXrcQGgk/s320/white.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5239152813958060674" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br />When working in contaminated areas, you should use masking tape (or similar) to seal the openings of your protective clothing and prevent contamination from getting through any openings.<br /><br />Button top shirt buttons and roll down shirt sleeves if no other protective clothing is available.<br /></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_ixfL5QLCkn9jgpUjkL75eyOQ8jBIArpr72K2rzBenv5HDdVr7leHG7cQaugaIQA3cdP1ThVQjB6pBB85Fvhdm3TbJGBztOUrC7_QHWdAwzXrdADttZUuvs1yN9xUdGg8CcK12J_XeSM/s1600-h/protclothrem.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_ixfL5QLCkn9jgpUjkL75eyOQ8jBIArpr72K2rzBenv5HDdVr7leHG7cQaugaIQA3cdP1ThVQjB6pBB85Fvhdm3TbJGBztOUrC7_QHWdAwzXrdADttZUuvs1yN9xUdGg8CcK12J_XeSM/s320/protclothrem.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5239146714802591090" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" ><br /><br /><br />When removing contaminated clothing, care must be taken to prevent cross contaminating your under clothing, you skin, or the area around you.</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Contamination Monitoring Equipment</span><br /><br />Radioactive contamination can emit alpha, beta, and/or gamma radiation.<br /><br />Several hand probes have been developed for count rate meters to detect the various types of radiation emitted from contamination</span><br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJa8QtYxTCkkrWHMRt230K2cIkxNbp6ANKMWTR_t07xhF_VUst1F-dwuU9CPKqGFxXiUpaeQyRtZ0FJf64mp7qP9IWxlYM7SkaE1zQDambgRovUB6jrmBFWbshWfoXYJ4gL0c42wBZDso/s1600-h/monitordevices.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJa8QtYxTCkkrWHMRt230K2cIkxNbp6ANKMWTR_t07xhF_VUst1F-dwuU9CPKqGFxXiUpaeQyRtZ0FJf64mp7qP9IWxlYM7SkaE1zQDambgRovUB6jrmBFWbshWfoXYJ4gL0c42wBZDso/s320/monitordevices.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5239146058437501746" border="0" /></a><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br />Monitoring for Fixed Contamination</span></span><br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJAb7QkOWvbRb3M0VBTIwg7tYd7XarJfqndH5aRf7xXzZqvMbGXdjvf-S9ClnJea4OVz_x6BkAtbFTtE1so00VMrtph60cn6RR1mUHWFahFsbxcR2Ei1IEpijDMH-prlOwK1LNhYLuILA/s1600-h/betamonitor.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJAb7QkOWvbRb3M0VBTIwg7tYd7XarJfqndH5aRf7xXzZqvMbGXdjvf-S9ClnJea4OVz_x6BkAtbFTtE1so00VMrtph60cn6RR1mUHWFahFsbxcR2Ei1IEpijDMH-prlOwK1LNhYLuILA/s320/betamonitor.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5239145394405167154" border="0" /></a><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br />Beta-Gamma Contamination Monitoring</span><br /><br />Beta-gamma contamination is normally monitored using a “Pancake” type Geiger-Mueller (GM) detector and is designed for contamination surveys of personnel, table tops, floors, equipment, etc.<br />Survey for beta-gamma contamination at a distance of 1/2 inch and at a speed of 1-2 inches a second.<br />Warning: The mica cover on the probe is very fragile and will pop very easily</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqlRfVbr8xuEK_W-Z-0GLEWqf2U_a6G7oeBZVtmbtrBeaE8mm25MW05GR1bbPy-LFbyZW8ZzSqQSZiwt5cR003zIUskNU1Mz-4iHJ2sIzJpCYzPBpKo-D4VPVR4a_DZbYPGIaiEhxcv1E/s1600-h/alphamonitor.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqlRfVbr8xuEK_W-Z-0GLEWqf2U_a6G7oeBZVtmbtrBeaE8mm25MW05GR1bbPy-LFbyZW8ZzSqQSZiwt5cR003zIUskNU1Mz-4iHJ2sIzJpCYzPBpKo-D4VPVR4a_DZbYPGIaiEhxcv1E/s320/alphamonitor.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5239144818624314434" border="0" /></a><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Alpha Contamination Monitoring</span><br /><br />Alpha contamination is normally monitored using a scintillation-type detector.<br /><br />Measures light produced inside the detector by the interaction of an alpha particle with detection medium.<br /><br />Designed for contamination surveys of personnel, table tops, floors, equipment, etc.<br /><br />Survey at a distance of 1/4 inch and at a speed of 1-2 inches per second.<br />Warning: Even a very small hole in the mylar can cause erroneously high readings</span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitdnzzE7cMQOs0zCXnIF7_R6Rtd-W_grPut2q6PiGvMBJaJgXw0vAO3zicALfzHECrKOyMTMoKz4KaQH9wFkgkX_0TkCTGvu-xs3IR5MFoe1SBfXHRXRNN4vFmIFMVGxFb3fFuNYQafIc/s1600-h/wholebody.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitdnzzE7cMQOs0zCXnIF7_R6Rtd-W_grPut2q6PiGvMBJaJgXw0vAO3zicALfzHECrKOyMTMoKz4KaQH9wFkgkX_0TkCTGvu-xs3IR5MFoe1SBfXHRXRNN4vFmIFMVGxFb3fFuNYQafIc/s320/wholebody.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5239144260156344946" border="0" /></a><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" ><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Performing a Whole-Body Survey</span><br /><br />Perform a detailed, whole-body survey of all exposed surfaces for the appropriate type(s) of contamination (alpha, beta-gamma, or both alpha and beta-gamma).<br /><br />Start at the head and proceed to the feet. Pay particular attention to the following areas: contaminated area (if known), nose and mouth, hands, skin folds, buttocks, knees, and feet.<br /><br />Move the probe at the appropriate speed and hold it at the proper distance.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" ><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Performing the Survey</span><br /></span><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij1oAce0DL-EE9E8w67roDlWwJN5QaScGegrCm6l3CTyxIk44bSBAtEUi_9BJUu5dnx-ovL4TVWbV28FS85uux8_waYpZCPVWUu2Y95StLCY9SAl6BNMrOlBf_g-5CHort8YJCS19kKvo/s1600-h/performsurvey.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij1oAce0DL-EE9E8w67roDlWwJN5QaScGegrCm6l3CTyxIk44bSBAtEUi_9BJUu5dnx-ovL4TVWbV28FS85uux8_waYpZCPVWUu2Y95StLCY9SAl6BNMrOlBf_g-5CHort8YJCS19kKvo/s320/performsurvey.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5239143646784618978" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" >If the count rate increases during the survey, pause for 10 to 15 seconds over the area to provide adequate time for instrument response.<br /><br />If the count rate once again increases, or the instrument alarms, the presence of contamination is confirmed.<br /><br />If contamination is confirmed, remain in the area and notify radiological control personnel.<br /><br />Whole-body surveys should take several minutes. Do not hurry!<br /></span>Speedyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03786667304354009458noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4928600713541026343.post-89112281447914058782008-08-26T23:29:00.000-07:002010-08-23T21:39:36.450-07:00TYPES OF RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION<span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" >Radioactive contamination can be fixed, removable (also called “loose”), or airborne.<br /><br />Fixed Contamination - contamination that can not be readily removed from surfaces.</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUxhdo48961to4RUTgm74N4OY7b8xv10VR5zLQlBdRKSFEGIH81zwxsqTkYFYh7XOBQHTpOb_cHbukdTG4nbPSE2BAo5htKKSfEicaKAKs8ICIO_mxMgSWYTWtUtqES48XRyqWChMJZ8I/s1600-h/fixed.JPG"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUxhdo48961to4RUTgm74N4OY7b8xv10VR5zLQlBdRKSFEGIH81zwxsqTkYFYh7XOBQHTpOb_cHbukdTG4nbPSE2BAo5htKKSfEicaKAKs8ICIO_mxMgSWYTWtUtqES48XRyqWChMJZ8I/s320/fixed.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5239117038443768210" border="0" /></a><br /><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" ><br />Detected by using direct frisking of the item with a contamination monitoring instrument such as an ASP-1 with a GM “Pancake” probe.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Removable Contamination </span>- contamination that can be readily removed from surfaces where it is located.<br /><br />It may be transferred by casual contact (wiping, brushing, or washing)<br /><br />Detected by swiping the area with a small round piece of filter paper and then counting the contamination on the paper with a contamination monitoring instrument.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Airborne Contamination</span> - contamination suspended in air. Much like smoke, the danger is from inhalation.<br /><br />Radiation Protection Specialists have equipment designed to sample the air for airborne contamination<br /><br />Air is pulled through a filter paper, and the paper is counted using a contamination monitoring instrument<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Internal Dose</span><br /><br />Internal dose results from radioactive material being taken into the body through:<br /><br />Ingestion - Liquids and finely divided solids are easily transferred to the mouth.<br /><br />Inhalation - Airborne particulates, vapors, and gases may enter by nose and mouth.<br /><br />Absorption - Contaminants may diffuse through the skin<br /><br />Injection - Contaminants may enter via open or scabbed wounds<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Health Risk from Airborne Contamination</span><br /><br />Analogy: Airborne contamination is like smoke. Some smoke, like that from a burning building, poses an immediate health hazard. Other smoke, like that from a burning cigarette, poses a long-term health hazard.<br /><br />The types of airborne contamination experienced at Chernobyl created an immediate health hazard (from skin and lung doses) to those workers who were exposed to it.<br /><br />First responders may have to deal with various types and levels of airborne contamination.<br /><br />Determine the types and levels of airborne contamination ASAP so appropriate actions can be taken.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Methods to Reduce Internal Dose</span><br /><br />Reducing the potential for radioactive materials to enter the body is important.<br /><br />Methods to prevent intake:<br /><br />Wearing respiratory protection<br /><br />Not eating, drinking, chewing or applying cosmetics in contaminated areas<br /><br />Sealing the openings of protective clothing with tape<br /><br />keeping wounds protected and clean<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Respiratory Protective Equipment</span><br /><br />Respiratory protection (e.g., air-purifying respirator, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus) is used to prevent the inhalation of radioactive materials.<br /><br />Respiratory protection should be used when entering an area where airborne contamination is likely.<br /><br />Remember, airborne contamination is like smoke. In most Airborne Radioactivity Areas, the hazard is comparable to cigarette smoke. In the case of a fire or explosion, the hazard could be much greater.<br /><br />If you suspect you may have become contaminated, contact a Radiation Protection Specialist (if possible) before removing your protective equipment..<br /><br />In an emergency, if a Radiation Protection Specialist is not available and you must remove your mask or change your air supply, wipe it off with a damp cloth prior to removing the mask.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Emergency Respiratory Protection</span><br /><br />Man’s cotton handkerchief, 16 thickness - 94 %<br />Man’s cotton handkerchief, 8 thickness - 88 %<br />Toilet paper, 3 thickness - 91 %<br />Bath towel, 2 thickness - 85 %<br />Cotton shirt, 2 thickness - 65 %<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Ref. U.S. Army Chemical Corps</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Internal Monitoring Methods</span><br /><br />Accidental intake of radioactive material (i.e., internal contamination) can cause dose to the whole-body or to individual organs.<br /><br />If there is any reason to suspect that radioactive material might have been taken into the body, internal dosimetry is used to determine if any internal contamination has occurred.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Two types of internal dosimetry:</span><br /><br />“In-Vivo Monitoring”<br /><br />“In-Vitro Monitoring”<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">In-Vivo Monitoring</span><br /><br />In-vivo monitoring measures the amount of internally deposited radioactive material by taking a measurement outside the body.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">In-Vitro Monitoring</span><br /><br />In-vitro monitoring (or “bioassay”) measures the amount of internally deposited radioactive material by the analysis and evaluation of bodily fluid (e.g., urine) or other material excreted or removed from the human body.<br /><br />First responders will be tested only if a reason exists to suspect an intake, or if a test is requested.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Inside Radiological Areas</span><br /><br />While inside a Radiation Area, keep your dose ALARA using time, distance, and shielding<br /><br />When inside a Contamination Area, exit as soon as possible if a wound or a breach in your protective clothing occurs<br /><br />While inside an Airborne Radioactivity Area, do not remove your respirator unless continuing to wear it will cause personal injury<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Exiting Radiological Areas</span><br /><br />When leaving a Contamination Area, monitor personnel and equipment for contamination as soon as possible after the emergency is under control<br /><br />When exiting an Airborne Radioactivity Area, do not remove your respirator until you have been monitored for contamination. If you must remove the respirator prior to surveying it, wipe it down using a damp cloth first<br /></span>Speedyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03786667304354009458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4928600713541026343.post-60381152738785096362008-08-26T22:51:00.000-07:002010-08-23T21:40:01.138-07:00PERSONNEL RADIATION MONITORING<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg674AWSpBP5d8T82YULN8Uz_O2EBhwABBXr00ZeJ-mSCNi6tcZsoeMT5fvkflifg61JE9Oc9Ul2sN22kj_wV3lFNRZJUlHZPnSinCCFFTqSZVqhSQgcZwZm5tqeL8aaxBkShDkoAC_o0g/s1600-h/DOSEMETERS.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg674AWSpBP5d8T82YULN8Uz_O2EBhwABBXr00ZeJ-mSCNi6tcZsoeMT5fvkflifg61JE9Oc9Ul2sN22kj_wV3lFNRZJUlHZPnSinCCFFTqSZVqhSQgcZwZm5tqeL8aaxBkShDkoAC_o0g/s320/DOSEMETERS.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5239071072463727426" border="0" /></a><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>Radiation can bombard the body from sources outside the body and from sources within the body.<br /><br />Various types of personnel radiation monitoring devices and programs are used to assess each individual's external and internal exposure to radiation.<br /><br />The type of monitoring device or program used depends on the radiological hazards present.<br /><br />These devises do not protect you from radiation but provide a means of determining how much radiation you have received.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Personnel Monitoring Devices</span><br /><br />Common types of external dosimetry used to assess personnel doses from external sources of radiation:<br /><br />Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)<br /><br />Pocket Ionization Chamber (PIC)<br /><br />Electronic Dosimeter<br /><br />Nuclear Accident Dosimeter<br /><br />First responders involved in emergencies involving potential radiation exposure should be issued external dosimeters.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Correct Use of Dosimeters</span><br /><br />Dosimeters are normally worn between the waist and the neck<br /><br />Dosimeters should be kept uncovered by any material and not be opened<br /><br />First responders should wear dosimeters inside their protective clothing, but outside their personal clothing<br /><br />Some dosimeters (e.g., pocket ion chambers) are shock, temperature, and sunlight sensitive and should not be left in the car on the dashboard (66° C) or in direct sunlight for long periods.</span>Speedyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03786667304354009458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4928600713541026343.post-48348150755279235702008-08-26T22:23:00.000-07:002010-08-23T21:40:35.016-07:00ALARA PRINCIPLE<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA-q-sKATihzpnm6cfsgN9f1jgkd651NSXBDkGgoXanxPull7hAjZeUU9vciBIoLLq_IXrw1qnvVZ4SCaTXzuqkh7gKAH9efNfm0w95_ikvYEA1zQINvSykVNSwSHfX2L7skRPNEsgZzw/s1600-h/TDS.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA-q-sKATihzpnm6cfsgN9f1jgkd651NSXBDkGgoXanxPull7hAjZeUU9vciBIoLLq_IXrw1qnvVZ4SCaTXzuqkh7gKAH9efNfm0w95_ikvYEA1zQINvSykVNSwSHfX2L7skRPNEsgZzw/s320/TDS.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5239064083017211650" border="0" /></a><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" ><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">ALARA = As Low As Reasonably Achievable</span><br /><br />Radiation Protection approach that strives to manage and control doses (both individual and collective) to the work force and the general public to as low as is reasonably achievable<br /><br />Assumes that any exposure to radiation or radioactive materials involves some increased risk<br /><br />No exposure without commensurate benefit<br /><br />The ALARA principle includes reducing both external and internal doses from radiation and radioactive material.<br /><br />Individuals should always try to maintain their radiation doses ALARA by using protective measures and methods to reduce their exposure to radiation.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">ALARA Responsibilities </span><br /><br />Implementation of the ALARA principle is the responsibility of each individual<br /><br />Seek assistance from a Radiation Protection Specialist (or other knowledgeable persons) about the radiological conditions and appropriate protective measures<br /><br />Protective measures to reduce external dose include:<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Time - Distance - Shielding</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">TIME</span><br /><br />Minimizing the amount of time in a radiation field will lower the total dose received<br />If you can reduce the time spent in a 10.0 mSv/hr field from 60 minutes to 40 minutes, you will reduce your dose by 0.033 mSv<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Time Reduction Techniques</span><br /><br />Pre-plan the task prior to performance<br /><br />Work efficiently and swiftly<br /><br />Have all necessary tools before starting the task<br /><br />Perform as much work outside the area as possible<br /><br />Never loiter in Radiation Areas<br /><br />Do the job right the first time<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">DISTANCE</span><br /><br />Maximizing distance from a source of radiation will reduce the dose rate that you are exposed to:<br />For a point source (a source having a small size) if the distance is doubled, the dose rate falls to one-fourth of the original dose rate<br />Always maximize the distance between you and any source(s) of radiation<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Methods to Increase Distance</span><br /><br />Be familiar with radiological conditions in the area<br /><br />Use remote handling devices when possible<br /><br />Move to lower dose rate areas during work delays<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">SHIELDING</span><br /><br />The use of shielding will reduce the dose rate that you are exposed to:<br /><br />Lead, concrete, and steel are effective in shielding gamma and x-ray radiation<br /><br />Plastic, aluminum, and wood are effective shielding materials for beta radiation<br /><br />Water is an effective shielding material for neutron radiation<br /><br />Paper, clothing, skin and air are effective in shielding alpha radiation</span>Speedyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03786667304354009458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4928600713541026343.post-68233208964526760462008-08-26T06:45:00.000-07:002010-08-23T21:40:52.391-07:00RISKS OF RADIATION<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji51IdCCwTonXjVrlrYkULZB2ukS_cIGJZilEqumqMUxw2UMkcmY0bV6fU6QyPCb2fxSsKAqyY4Rx8SLVYhExPi08N203qfDsxK9MMSZWlW0eIJ8RAY5YJ_EoLGsud1KtroFvzgSqTIF8/s1600-h/radiation.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji51IdCCwTonXjVrlrYkULZB2ukS_cIGJZilEqumqMUxw2UMkcmY0bV6fU6QyPCb2fxSsKAqyY4Rx8SLVYhExPi08N203qfDsxK9MMSZWlW0eIJ8RAY5YJ_EoLGsud1KtroFvzgSqTIF8/s200/radiation.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5238822175092164370" border="0" /></a><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Risk of Cancer </span><br /><br />Despite extensive studies of about 100,000 radiation workers, no increase in the natural incidence of cancer has been observed in workers exposed to radiation at normal occupational levels. This does not prove that radiation does not cause cancer, only that the radiation normally received by radiation workers, in general, is too small for any effect to be observed.<br /><br />Increased numbers of cancers have been observed, however, in those atomic bomb survivors at Hiroshima and Nagasaki who received ³ 0.35 Sv. Survivors who received 0.35 Sv have a 3% higher incidence of cancer than unexposed individuals.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sensitivity of the Embryo/Fetus </span><br /><br />Cells of the embryo/fetus are rapidly dividing, which makes them more sensitive to radiation than any other time of their life.<br /><br />Although no effects were observed in Japanese children who were conceived after the atomic bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, effects were observed in some children who were exposed to the atomic bomb radiation while in the womb. Some of these children were born with low birth weight, small head size, and mental retardation. However, only at doses > 0.15 Sv is there a significant increase in risk.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Comparing Occupational Risks</span><br /><br />Lost Life Expectancy comparison for various occupations:<br /><br />Law Enforcement \ Firemen - 720 days lost<br /><br />Coal Miner - 328 days lost<br /><br />Farmer - 277 days lost<br /><br />Transportation Worker - 164 days lost<br /><br />Manufacturer - 43 days lost<br /><br />Radiological Worker - 40 days lost<br /><br />Trade Industry Employee - 30<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Other Risks </span><br /><br />Smoking 1.4 cigarettes (lung cancer)<br />Radiation dose of 1.0 mSv (cancer)<br />Eating 40 tablespoons of peanut butter (liver cancer)<br />Eating 100 charcoal broiled steaks (cancer)<br />Spending 2 days in New York City (air pollution)<br />Driving 40 miles in a car (accident)<br />Flying 2,500 miles in a jet (accident)<br />Canoeing for 6 minutes (accident)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Comparison of Health Risks </span><br /><br />Unmarried Male - 3500 days lost<br /><br />Tobacco User - 2250 days lost<br /><br />Unmarried Female - 1600 days lost<br /><br />Overweight Individual - 777 days lost<br /><br />Alcohol Consumer - 365 days lost<br /><br />Motor Vehicle Driver - 207 days lost<br /><br />0.1 mSi/yr for 70 years - 10 days lost</span>Speedyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03786667304354009458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4928600713541026343.post-80841383517035468372008-08-26T05:57:00.000-07:002010-08-23T21:41:14.360-07:00POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF RADIATION<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipuBCYdlizO51ipgpWm3LI_YHboW1mmBxRxzBhO_RV5cuSzqt10YHO0poVPen2Mx4huY16wWjVlhNaACoAa7I9jHxFK5JZ3NR8FyeCyWXBtj3VtFsdi5xZoSsq5WJXt1_UbIG-t-V961I/s1600-h/rad_eff_mini.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipuBCYdlizO51ipgpWm3LI_YHboW1mmBxRxzBhO_RV5cuSzqt10YHO0poVPen2Mx4huY16wWjVlhNaACoAa7I9jHxFK5JZ3NR8FyeCyWXBtj3VtFsdi5xZoSsq5WJXt1_UbIG-t-V961I/s320/rad_eff_mini.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5238809908444509730" border="0" /></a><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" ><br />Radiation may strike a vital part of the cell, like the nucleus, or a less-vital part, like the cell membrane.<br /><br />When radiation strikes a cell, the following effects can occur:<br /><br />some cells are damaged<br />most cells repair the damage<br />some cells die as a result of the damage<br />some cells may mutate and grow<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Factors that Determine Biological Effects </span><br /><br />Area of the body exposed<br />Total dose received<br />Dose rate<br />Type of radiation<br />Individual sensitivity<br />Cell sensitivity<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Acute Dose</span><br /><br />An “acute” dose is received in a short period of time (e.g., seconds to days)<br /><br />For the same total dose, an acute dose is more damaging than a chronic dose because cells don’t have time to repair damage between “hits”<br /><br />After a large acute dose, the body can not repair or replace cells fast enough, and physical effects may occur<br /><br />Death can occur if the dose is high enough An “acute” dose is received in a short period of time (e.g., seconds to days)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Effects of Acute Whole-Body Doses </span><br /><br />>50 Sv - CNS damage; death within 2-3 days<br />> 5 Sv - Gastrointestinal System damage<br />4.5 - 6 Sv - Lethal Dose (50/30)<br />2 - 5 Sv - Hematopoietic System damage<br />1 - 2 Sv - Radiation sickness<br />.25 - .50 Sv - Slight blood changes<br />.5 Sv - Annual whole-body dose limit<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Effects of Acute Extremity Doses </span><br /><br />Burns<br />Necrosis<br />Loss of fingers<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Chronic Dose </span><br /><br />A chronic dose is typically a small amount of radiation received over a long period of time.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Typical examples of a chronic dose are:</span><br /><br />The dose received from natural and man-made background radiation<br />The dose received from occupational exposure<br /><br />Body is better equipped to tolerate chronic doses<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Effects of Chronic Doses </span><br /><br />Chronic effects can result from radiation doses received over a long period of time.<br /><br />May not appear for years after exposure<br />Effects are too small to measure below a cumulative dose of 0.10 Sv<br />The higher the cumulative dose the greater the risk of a chronic effect<br />Increased risk of cataract formation<br />Increased risk of developing cancer<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Individual Sensitivity </span><br /><br />Some individuals are more sensitive to radiation than others<br /><br />Age, genetic make-up, and overall health can have an affect on how the body responds to radiation exposure</span>Speedyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03786667304354009458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4928600713541026343.post-18735536345835968812008-08-26T05:42:00.000-07:002010-08-23T21:41:37.732-07:00NATURAL AND MAN-MADE RADIATION<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEgdOVkfgqz2UDZ4Bmrfvl9_3TkETl-ugC_EApg3Y5xQVn-RihhbKz0-gwOlissCtnvGji4p50hv5g67R3vhWk-BjtHo9f0nNHOzuizptC79Ev4Dcfjv64cLNwc0RYR7-42TRHnZsFPNA/s1600-h/rad-exp.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEgdOVkfgqz2UDZ4Bmrfvl9_3TkETl-ugC_EApg3Y5xQVn-RihhbKz0-gwOlissCtnvGji4p50hv5g67R3vhWk-BjtHo9f0nNHOzuizptC79Ev4Dcfjv64cLNwc0RYR7-42TRHnZsFPNA/s320/rad-exp.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5238806040289686962" border="0" /></a><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" ><br /><br /><br />We are constantly exposed to background radiation, from both natural and manmade sources<br /><br />Natural background radiation<br />Man - made radiation<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Cosmic Radiation </span><br /><br />The average dose to the worldwide population is 0.4 mSv/year<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Terrestrial Radiation </span><br /><br />Natural sources of radiation exist in the ground, rocks, building materials, and drinking water supplies.<br />Sources: naturally occurring radioactive elements, such as radium, uranium, and thorium.<br />Average dose to the worldwide population is 0.5 mSv/year<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Internal Sources </span><br /><br />Natural sources of radiation exist within the human body.<br />Sources: food and water containing trace amounts of natural radioactive materials, such as Potassium-40 and Carbon-14.<br />Average dose from internal sources is 0.3 mSv/year<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Radon </span><br /><br />From the radioactive decay of naturally occurring uranium in the soil.<br />Radon is a gas that can penetrate basement walls.<br />Radon emits alpha radiation.<br />The average worldwide exposure is equal to a whole-body dose of 1.2 mSv/year<br />The worldwide average for exposure to natural background and man-made sources is approximately 2.4 mSv per person per year<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Man - Made Radiation </span><br /><br />Four major sources:<br /><br />Medical radiation procedures<br />Consumer products<br />Industrial radiation uses<br />Nuclear fallout<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Medical Radiation Procedures</span><br /><br />X-rays are used for medical diagnosis.<br /><br />A typical radiation dose from a single chest x-ray is about 0.1 mSv<br />Nuclear medicines are used in medical procedures for diagnosis and therapy<br />Average dose to the worldwide population is 0.4 mSv/year<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Nuclear Fallout</span><br /><br />The average dose to the general population from residual nuclear fallout at less than 0.005 mSv/year.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Nuclear Power Production</span><br /><br />The average annual expose to members of the general public from the use of nuclear power is 0.0002 mSv.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Grand Total</span><br /><br />The total average annual exposure from background radiation from all sources is about 2.89 mSv per year. This is an average.</span>Speedyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03786667304354009458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4928600713541026343.post-28001260656110411192008-08-26T03:51:00.000-07:002010-08-23T21:42:06.560-07:00TYPES OF IONISING RADIATION<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDGuRCYJbsYR5mYNcSp6jZCSX2BsM7GBiyf-77DtpBi0qFIBAXywsF3XvAmPiaEoIK8jRUdb2OocgvAnfzgcGqV8hMqm9xtL0WXqJN5tI6ZvlIXaIH7TCJ6G3xIbwfYjnpd7m_iS5SJ7A/s1600-h/Type+of+radiation.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDGuRCYJbsYR5mYNcSp6jZCSX2BsM7GBiyf-77DtpBi0qFIBAXywsF3XvAmPiaEoIK8jRUdb2OocgvAnfzgcGqV8hMqm9xtL0WXqJN5tI6ZvlIXaIH7TCJ6G3xIbwfYjnpd7m_iS5SJ7A/s320/Type+of+radiation.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5238777327049695314" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-family:arial;"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;" >Alpha Radiation</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">Particulate</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">Emitted from the nucleus</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">Consists of two protons and two neutrons</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">+2 charge</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;" >Beta Radiation</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">Particulate</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">Emitted from the nucleus</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">Same size as an electron</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">Either +1 or –1 charge</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;" >Gamma Radiation</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">Electromagnetic</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">Emitted from the nucleus of an atom</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">No charge</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;" >X-Ray Radiation</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">Electromagnetic</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">Emitted from orbital electron cloud of an atom</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">No charge</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;" >Neutron radiation</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">Particulate</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">Emitted from the nucleus of an atom</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">No charge</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">Dose for dose, some types of radiation cause more biological damage than others.</span><br /><span style="font-family:arial;">Internally deposited alpha-emitters are more damaging than beta- or gamma-emitters for the same energy deposited</span></span>Speedyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03786667304354009458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4928600713541026343.post-33309856316561560982008-08-26T03:30:00.000-07:002010-08-23T21:42:35.091-07:00RADIATION CONTAMINATION<span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:130%;" >The energy emitted in the form of energy or particles from radioactive atoms is defined as radiation. </span><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:130%;" > </span><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:130%;" >Radiation is energy, whereas radioactive contamination is a material.</span><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:130%;" > </span><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:verdana;font-size:130%;" >Analogy:</span><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:130%;" > radiation is like heat from a fire</span><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:130%;" > contamination is like the ash and embers from the fire</span><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:130%;" > airborne contamination is like smoke from the fire</span><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /><br /></span><span style=";font-family:verdana;font-size:130%;" >Like heat from a fire, radiation can be intense, but when you leave the area, you leave the hazard behind. Like the ash, contamination can be carried out of the area with you.</span>Speedyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03786667304354009458noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4928600713541026343.post-37015497408430061262008-08-26T03:18:00.000-07:002010-08-23T21:42:56.817-07:00RADIOLOGICAL FUNDEMENTALS<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR8BY1czzLIFqYBPDDuMKlon2V9-X0CgCsSCR2plpHE9zpj4YCOo82UjuH80RTyZD9A45kRt3W2Wp1swfA6Cu9I0ymk_h1arkEVecymc9JY8jAXC0jyhgDd-0YFlNlmzAhcknaxWZ3I1E/s1600-h/Atoms.JPG"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR8BY1czzLIFqYBPDDuMKlon2V9-X0CgCsSCR2plpHE9zpj4YCOo82UjuH80RTyZD9A45kRt3W2Wp1swfA6Cu9I0ymk_h1arkEVecymc9JY8jAXC0jyhgDd-0YFlNlmzAhcknaxWZ3I1E/s320/Atoms.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5238769902117725554" border="0" /></a><br /><span style=";font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Atom: </span><br />Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Elements:</span><br />Identified by the number of Protons.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Isotopes:</span><br />Atoms of the same element with different numbers of Neutrons.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Radioactivity: </span><br />The spontaneous decay (or “disintegration”) of unstable (or “radioactive”) atoms that emit radiation as they attempt to become stable.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Radioactive Half-Life:</span><br />The amount of time it takes for one-half of the radioactive material to decay.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Radioactive Material:</span><br />Any material that undergoes radioactive decay.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Radioactive Contamination:</span><br />Uncontained or uncontrolled radioactive material. Measured in dps, cpm, or dpm.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">External and Internal Radiation Hazards:<br /></span>External hazards are outside the body; whereas internal hazards are inside the body.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Measuring Radiation:</span><br />Radiation is measured in units of Roentgen, rad, rem, and sievert. The rem and sievert are used to express biological damage.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Radiation Dose Rate:</span><br />The rate at which radiation dose is emitted.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Radioactivity: </span><br />The amount of radioactive material present. Measured in Bq or curies.</span>Speedyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03786667304354009458noreply@blogger.com0